islamic calligraphy history -
Mirror writing - Wikipedia
Mirror writing is formed by writing in the organization that is the reverse of the natural pretension for a given language, such that the result is the mirror image of gratifying writing: it appears customary within acceptable limits gone it is reflected in a mirror.It is sometimes used as an categorically primitive form of cipher.A common innovative usage of mirror writing can be found on the tummy of ambulances, where the word "AMBULANCE Mirror writing is formed by writing in the dispensation that is the reverse of the natural artifice for a given language, such that the result is the mirror image of welcome writing: it appears up to standard with it is reflected in a mirror. It is sometimes used as an extremely primitive form of cipher. A common broadminded usage of mirror writing can be found nearly the stomach belly of ambulances, where the word "AMBULANCE" is often written in extremely large mirrored text, so that drivers see the word the right way in this area in their rear-view mirror.Some people are skillful to manufacture build handwritten mirrored text. Notably, Leonardo da Vinci wrote most of his personal remarks in this way.Mirror writing calligraphy was popular in the Ottoman Empire, where it often carried mystical associations.
An informal Australian newspaper experiment identified 10 true mirror-writers in a readership of 65,000.[1] A higher proportion of left-handed people are better mirror writers than right-handed people, perhaps because it is more natural for a left-hander to write backwards.[2] 15% of left-handed people have the language centres in both halves of their brain. The cerebral cortex and motor homunculus are affected by this, causing the person to be nimble to door and write backwards quite naturally.
In an experiment conducted by the Department of Neurosurgery at Hokkaido University speculative of Medicine in Sapporo, Japan, scientists proposed that the pedigree of mirror writing comes from damage caused through accidental brain damage or neurological diseases, such as an essential tremor, Parkinson's disease, or spino-cerebellar degeneration. This hypothesis was proposed because these conditions put it on a "neural mechanism that controls the higher cerebral take steps of writing via the thalamus."[3]Another chemical analysis by the same academic world discovered that damage was not the unaccompanied cause. The scientists observed that gratifying children exhibited signs of mirror writing while learning to write, so concluding that currently there is no correct true method for finding the authenticated descent heritage of mirror writing.
Leonardo da Vinci wrote most of his personal comments in mirror, unaccompanied using customary writing if he intended his texts to be approach by others. The wish of this practice by Leonardo remains unknown, though several doable reasons have been suggested. For example, writing left handed from left to right would have been messy because the ink just put alongside would smear as his hand moved across it. Writing in reverse would prevent such smudging. An exchange theory is that the process of rotating the linguistic point toward in memory before mood it to paper, and rotating it in the future reading it back, is a method of reinforcement learning. From this theory, it follows the use of boustrophedonic writing, especially in public codes, may be to render better recall of the text in the reader.[citation needed]
Matteo Zaccolini may have written his original four volume treatise regarding optics, color, and slant in the to the fore 17th century in mirror script.[citation needed]
Pictorial texts in addition to known as calligrams fixed in mirror symmetry were popular in the Ottoman Empire during the 18th and 19th centuries in the course of the Bektashi order, where it often carried mystical associations.[4] The origins of this mirror writing tradition may date to the pre-Islamic epoch in rock inscriptions of the western Arabian peninsula.[4] A recent laboratory analysis that has revealed the oldest examples of mirror writing in Greek traces the in advance freshen of mirror inscriptions to Late Antiquity, specifically to Syria-Palestine, Egypt, and Constantinople. In Islamic art, mirror calligraphy is known as muthanna or musenna.[5]
